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Liquid nitrogen has unique cooling properties that make it useful in the healthcare setting. However, there are risks associated with handling this liquefied gas, so it’s important to follow safety protocols to protect our patients and staff.

How It’s Used

With a boiling point of -196C, liquid nitrogen is extremely cold. And it’s also extremely stable, so it not only facilitates quick, deep freezing, but it also stays at a consistent temperature for long periods of time. This makes it a good choice for preserving biological samples. We use this freezing process, called cryopreservation, to store these and other biological materials for future medical use:

• Blood and plasma
• Sperm, eggs, and embryos
• Tissue samples
• Stem cells and bone marrow

Liquid nitrogen is also used for cryotherapy or the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal tissue. Your dermatologist may use cryotherapy to remove a wart, mole, or skin tag. It can be used inside the body as well to treat some cancers, including cervical and prostate cancer.

Potential Hazards 

While liquid nitrogen is useful in the clinical setting, it can be hazardous if it’s not handled correctly. Some of the risks associated with liquid nitrogen include:

• Frostbite or cold burns | Direct contact can freeze skin cells, causing severe injuries.
• Asphyxiation | In enclosed spaces, evaporating nitrogen displaces oxygen, leading to potential suffocation.
• Explosions | Improper storage or handling in sealed containers can cause pressure buildup and explosions.

Safety Protocols 

To mitigate these risks, Safety Officer Hunter Martin says staff who work with liquid nitrogen are required to complete an ambulatory competency assessment on the following safety guidelines.

• Wear personal protective equipment (PPE)
  • Cryogenic gloves designed for extreme cold
  • A face shield and safety goggles to protect against splashes
  • Long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and closed-toe shoes
• Ensure proper handling
  • Store and use liquid nitrogen in well-ventilated areas.
  • Administer liquid nitrogen only from approved containers.
  • Avoid leaving liquid nitrogen containers unattended in patient care areas.
  • Never transport liquid nitrogen in an open container.
• Respond quickly to spills
  • Evacuate the area where the spill occurred.
  • Close the door to affected area and refer to the Red Book or call 911 if spill is significant.
  • Allow nitrogen to evaporate naturally; do not attempt to clean it manually.
  • Report all spills in Be Safe.
  • Know protocols for responding to exposure and report to the Emergency Department or Employee Health as needed.

“While liquid nitrogen presents unique hazards, adherence to safety protocols can mitigate risks. This principle applies to all chemicals — following established standard operating procedures and wearing the appropriate PPE are critical steps in ensuring a safe working environment,” says Martin. “Whether in a laboratory or healthcare setting, maintaining a culture of safety through knowledge, preparation, and vigilance is key. Always respect the materials you work with, and let knowledge be your first line of defense.”